Rubber Electrolytes-based Batteries and Electric Vehicles

In most lithium-ion batteries, ions are moved by a liquid electrolyte. However, a slight damage of the battery may cause leakage of electrolyte, causing explosion or fire. Thus, people are looking into alternatives such as solid-state batteries, which can be made using inorganic ceramic material or organic polymers. Elastomers, or synthetic rubbers have superior mechanical properties. It has been found that this material when formulated into a 3D structure, acted as a superhighway for fast lithium-ion transport with superior mechanical toughness, resulting in longer charging batteries that can go farther. A team made of scientist from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and Georgia Institute of Technology is working on the rubber battery development. (1) 

 According to Reference 1, this rubber electrolyte is made during a simple polymerization process at low temperatures, this process generates robust and smooth interfaces on the surface of electrodes. These unique characteristics of the rubber electrolytes prevent lithium dendrite growth but allow a faster moving ions! 

 According to Reference 2, The rubber electrolyte-based lithium metal batteries allow high energy density exceeding 410 Watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kgelectrode+electrolyte) and maintained a high energy density of 235 Wh/kgelectrode+electrolyte at a power density of 184 Wh/kgelectrode+electrolyte. Thus, electric vehicles equipped with the rubber electrolytes-based Li batteries can travel over 490 miles on a single charge, while that with conventional Li-ion batteries can do only 310 miles.

Scientists from Georgia Tech; Photo: Georgia Tech 

Reference:

Rubber material holds key to long-lasting, safer EV batteries (techxplore.com)

A Battery Breakthrough, Made from Rubber - Tech Briefs

 References (1) https://techxplore.com/news/2022-01-rubber-material-key-long-lasting-safer.html (2) https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/40658

Shortage of Semiconductors and Demand in Used Cars

Semiconductors are substances with properties somewhere between a conductor and an insulator; conductors conduct electricity and insulators do not conduct electricity. Integrated circuits (ICs), diodes, transistors and other electronic discrete components are made of semiconductors, whereas the materials of semiconductors are gallium arsenide,indium antimonide,germanium and mainly silicon. Silicon forms most of ICs. (1)

 

Metals, semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from each others by their band structures. Their band structures are shown in the figure below.

In metals, the conduction band and the valence band are very closer to each other. In semiconductors and insulators, the valance band and conduction band are separated by a forbidden energy gap（Eg）of sufficient width. In semiconductors at room temperature, the band gap is small, electrons jump the gap fairly easily, given the semiconductor limited conductivity. Semiconductor crystal used for ICs is high purity single crystal silicon, but impurities are often added to modify the electrical properties. Depending on the added impurities, there are n-type and p-type semiconductors. For details, please review Reference 1. 

 A semiconductor chip is an electric circuit with many transistors and wiring formed on a semiconductor wafer. An IC comprises numerous these components. A semiconductor is made by two steps: wafer processing and front-end process and back-end process. Wafer processing is further divided into deposition, photoresist coating, and etching. For details, please review Reference 1. These steps are tedious process, requiring precision and skills. Semiconductors are in short supply because of big demand for electronics and effects from former President Donald Trump’s trade war. (2) 

Later, because of COVID-19, supply chains are disturbed. This worsens the situation. In the year 2021, semiconductor chip shortage costs the global automotive industry maybe up to USD200 billion or more in revenue. These shortages have slowed down several original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in production; thus, further extending the waiting period of certain vehicle models. As a result (one of the results), used car sellers across markets, including India, are enjoying a boom in demand. (3) 

 Reference: (1) https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/products/device/semiconductor/about.html. (2) https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/whats-causing-the-chip-shortage-affecting-ps5-cars-and-more.html#:~:text=Semiconductors%20are%20in%20short%20supply%20because%20of%20big,coming%20months%20as%20demand%20remains%20higher%20than%20ever. (3) https://home.kpmg/in/en/blogs/home/posts/2022/01/semiconductor-chip-shortage-manufacturers-suppliers-mantra.html

Who make semiconductors for Tesla, Ford and GM?

Who makes semiconductors for Tesla? I would guess, it is Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSM), because it is the largest manufacturer in the world. Nope, my guess is wrong. According to the reference that I am reading, it is Samsung Electronics Co. Samsung will manufacture Tesla Inc.’s next-generation hardware 4 (HW 4.0) chip for its fully autonomous driving technology. (1) 

 What semiconductor company does Ford use? I would guess, it is TSM. My guess is wrong again. According to Reference 1, it is going to be GlobalFoundries Inc. 

 Who make semiconductors for GM? I am not going to guess this time, Reference 1 says Qualcomm Inc., STMicroelectronics NV, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Renasas Electronics Corp., ON Semiconductor Corp., NXP Semiconductors NV and Infineon Technologies AG are the chips supplier for GM. 

 Let's go back to talk about Ford: 

Due to significant consumer demand, Ford has announced it will make 150k of the trucks a year by 2023 at a Michigan plant (~4x its initial output estimate). (2) Ford Motor’s 2021 sales fell 6.8% from the year-earlier period but ends with strong fourth quarter. Ford had a wonderful fourth quarter, selling 508,451 vehicles, a 27% increase over the previous quarter. Overall, the U.S. automotive industry sold 15.1 million vehicles in 2021, Ford sold 1.9 million vehicles. Ford is at the third-place U.S. sales position behind General Motors (GM) and Toyota Motor. (3) 

Ford Moter Company CEO is James “Jim” D. Farley, Jr., effective October 1, 2020. In his previous role as Chief Operating Officer, Farley worked to strengthen Ford’s automotive operations, Farley also represents Ford on the U.S. China Business Council Board of Directors and has been appointed co-chair of the Future of Mobility Commission. He earned a bachelor’s degree in economics, UCLA, he graduated from the Anderson School of Management with a degree in management. (4)

How Ford CEO Jim Farley Plans to Transform an American Icon | Leading Through Change | Salesforce (Note: This interview was done about a year ago.)

 

Reference: 

(1) https://erinbethea.com/who-makes-semiconductors/ 

(2) https://thehustle.co/01142022-ford-ev/ 

(3) https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/05/fords-2021-sales-down-6point8percent-but-finishes-year-with-strong-fourth-quarter.html 

(4) https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/people/james-d--farley--jr-.html