2024年9月5日星期四

印度的战略外交-石油、武器 India's Strategic Diplomacy-Oil, Arms

度与俄罗斯建立了一条秘密贸易通道,供俄罗斯秘密从印度购买关键商品。根据其计划,卢比将用于通过两国公司之间的“封闭支付系统”来确保军民两用部件的安全。据新闻报道,这将使原本在西方市场购买的电子设备稳定流入。此外,莫斯科还考虑投资印度工厂以支持关键生产。另外据报道,俄罗斯将向印度提供四艘配备超音速导弹的军舰。印度未来的军舰是俄罗斯为印度海军设计的11356型护卫舰。根据两国 2018 年签署的合同,两艘船在俄罗斯制造,其余将在印度建造。

2024年7月9日,印度总理莫迪前往莫斯科与总统普京举行会谈。这次访问恰逢北约领导人齐聚华盛顿,俄罗斯导弹袭击了乌克兰一家医院,造成数十人死亡,引发了泽连斯基的强烈批评。这位乌克兰领导人称莫迪的会面“非常令人失望”,在印度领导人拥抱普京之后, “对和平努力是毁灭性的打击”。 

至2024年6月30日的第一财季,印度从俄罗斯进口的石油年增长率为1.2%。由于乌克兰无人机袭击导致其炼油厂停电,俄罗斯出口了更多原油。因此,印度炼油商一直在大量购买俄罗斯石油,而俄罗斯石油在打折出售后成为了额外的出口。印度炼油商通过购买打折的俄罗斯石油可能节省至少 105 亿美元。目前,印度是俄罗斯石油的最大买家,俄罗斯石油为其经济提供了提振。印度希望与俄罗斯保持良好关系——尽管西方因俄罗斯入侵乌克兰而对其实施制裁。

联合国,印度在联合国大会一项谴责俄罗斯自2022年开始入侵乌克兰的决议中再次投了弃权票。印度过去在联大和联合国安理会的类似决议中都投了弃权票。除印度外,中国、伊朗和南非等32个国家在投票中投了弃权票。投票反对的七个国家是俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、朝鲜、厄立特里亚、马里、尼加拉瓜和叙利亚。


India built a secret trade channel with Russia for Russia to covertly purchase critical goods from India. Under its scheme, rupees would be spent to secure dual-use components through a "closed payment system" between firms of these two countries. According to the news report, this would provide a steady inflow of electronic equipment originally bought in Western markets. Further, Moscow also considered investing in Indian factories to support critical production. (Business Insider, 09/04/2024)

According to a news report, Russia will provide four warships equipped with supersonic missiles to India. The future warships of India are Project 11356 frigates, designed by Russia for the Indian Navy. Two vessels are made in Russia, while the rest will be built in India, according to signed contracts between these two countries in 2018. (Newsweek, 09/04/2024)

On July 09, 2024, The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi traveled to Moscow to hold talks with President Vladimir Putin. That trip coincided with a NATO leaders gathering in Washington and Russian missile strikes on a hospital in Ukraine that killed scores of people, drawing strong criticism from Zelenskyy. The Ukrainian leader called Modi’s meeting “a huge disappointment” and “a devastating blow to peace efforts” after the Indian leader was seen hugging Putin. (AP, 08/21/2024)

During the first fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024, India's import of Russia oil rose by an annual 1.2%. Russia exported more crude oil because of outages at its refineries from Ukrainian drone attacks. Thus, Indian refiners have been gorging on Russian oil, which emerged as an additional outlet after being sold at a discount. (Reuters, 07/24/2024) Indian refiners likely saved at least $10.5 billion by buying discounted Russian oil. (Indian Express, 07/11/2024)

India is the largest buyer of Russian oil which has provided a boost for its economy. India wants to maintain its good relations with Russia — despite the Western sanctions against Russia over its invasion of Ukraine. (DW 07/08/2024)

There is a report that India has once again abstained from voting in a UN General Assembly resolution that condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which started in 2022. India has abstained from similar resolutions both at the UNGA and at the UNSC in the past. Russia is also India's largest arms supplier. Besides India, China, Iran and South Africa were among the 32 countries to abstain in the vote. The seven countries who voted against it were Russia, Belarus, North Korea, Eritrea, Mali, Nicaragua and Syria. (BBC, 02/23/2023)




2024年9月4日星期三

台湾要求中国向俄罗斯收回土地 Taiwan Asks China to Take Land Back from Russia

湾总统赖清德表示,如果中国对台湾的主权主张是基于领土完整,那么中华人民共和国也应该收回 19 世纪根据 1858 年《瑷珲条约》割让给俄罗斯的地区。《瑷珲条约》被认为是所谓的不平等条约之一,当时最强大的国家使用军事力量向弱小的国家强加条件。根据《瑷珲条约》,中国将现在俄罗斯远东地区的大片土地割让给俄罗斯帝国。两年后,根据 1860 年《北京条约》,中国再次将现在的滨海边疆区割让给俄罗斯。

外,满族赋名海参崴满语名「ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ」和汉语名「海参崴」。 「海参崴」作为其最早的中文叫法,亦被华人沿用至今。 1860年,《北京条约》签订前三月,俄国侵占了此地区,更名为「符拉迪沃斯托克」(Владивосток;Vladivostok),意为「东方统治者」或「征服东方」,也译「鎭东府」「东方的王后」。2020年7月2日,俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克市举行建市160周年庆祝活动。中国国际电视台(CGTN)记者沈世伟表示,庆祝符拉迪沃斯托克建市日让中国人想起了“1860年那段屈辱的日子”。

领土完整而言,中国从英国手中收回了香港。但赖清德说:“为什么中国不收回《瑷珲条约》中被俄国占领的土地?俄国现在弱了,对吧?《瑷珲条约》是清朝签订的——你可以要求俄国归还土地,但你没有。所以很明显,中国不想因为领土问题而入侵台湾。”



Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te stated that if China's claims to Taiwan are based on territorial integrity, the People’s Republic of China should also take back regions ceded to Russia in the nineteenth century, under the 1858 Treaty of Aigun. The Treaty of Aigun is considered one of the so-called unequal treaties, where the then-greatest powers used military force to dictate terms to less powerful countries. Under the Treaty of Aigun, China ceded a huge swathe of land to the Russian Empire in what is now the Far East of Russia. Two years later, under the 1860 Beijing Treaty, China again ceded the region of what is now the Primorsky Krai to Russia. (Ukrainska Pravda, 09/03/2024)

Further, the Manchus named Vladivostok "ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ" in Manchu and "Vladivostok (Haishenwei)" in Chinese. "Vladivostok" is its earliest Chinese name and is still used by the Chinese today. In 1860, three months before the signing of the Treaty of Beijing, Russia invaded the area and renamed it "Vladivostok" (Владивосток; Vladivostok), which means "ruler of the East" or "conquer the East", also translated as "The Office Managing East" or "Queen of the East". (海參崴 - 維基百科,自由的百科全書 (wikipedia.org)On July 2 of 2020, the Russian city of Vladivostok was celebrating 160th anniversary of its founding day. Shen Shiwei, a reporter for the state-owned broadcaster CGTN said that the celebration of the founding day of Vladivostok reminded the Chinese of "those humiliated days in the 1860. (Financial Express. 07/07/2020)

Regarding territorial integrity, China reclaimed Hong Kong from UK. But "why doesn’t China reclaim the lands occupied by Russia that were ceded in the Treaty of Aigun? Russia is weaker now, right? The Treaty of Aigun was signed during the Qing dynasty - you can ask the Russians to return the land, but you don't. So it's clear that China does not wish to invade Taiwan for territorial reasons," said Lai Ching-te. (Essanews.com, 09/02/2024)








The Nvidia Selloff - September 03, 2024

 

  • Nvidia has started this September in an inauspicious way — with its a huge daily selloff since April. The stock is now off about 20% from its all-time closing high of $135.58, as its recent earnings report made investors jittery about its future margin performance and whether it can keep up its big beats. (MarketWatch 09/04/2024)
  • Nvidia CEO and co-founder Jensen Huang's fortune shrank by nearly $10 billion after the chipmaker’s share price fell amid a wider selloff of major tech stocks on September 03, 2024. (Forbes, 09/04/2024)
  • Justice Department takes a major step toward an antitrust lawsuit against Nvidia. Officials are investigating whether Nvidia's dominance has made it difficult for buyers to use other suppliers, some complained that Nvidia threatens clients that use chips from both Nvidia and its competitors. (Business Insider, 09/04/2024)
  • [Factcheck] Nvidia dictates how chips are allocated to stop companies from stockpiling them amid limited supply. Installing the chips the way Nvidia wanted would have reportedly hindered. Microsoft's ability to switch to different AI chips. Microsoft eventually won out when Nvidia backed down and agreed to let the Big Tech company design its own custom racks. (Business Insider, 06/20/2024)
  • [Factcheck] Intel’s Xeon processors are capable of more complex data crunching, but they have fewer cores and are much slower for processing information typically used to train AI software. AMD announced an updated version of its MI300 AI processor would go on sale in Q4. But Nvidia’s advantage isn’t just in the performance of its hardware. Its CUDA, a language for its graphics chips that allows them to be programmed for the type of work that underpins AI programs.(QuickTake, 06/07/2024)

The AMD MI300X and Nvidia Blackwell are both cutting-edge AI processors, each with unique strengths and features. Here’s a comparison based on the latest information (prepared by an AI):

AMD MI300X

  • Architecture: Built on AMD’s CDNA 3 architectures
  • Compute Units: 304 compute units.
  • Memory: 192 GB of HBM3 memory with a peak bandwidth of 5.3 TB/s.
  • Performance: Known for its strong performance in FP8 floating point calculations and HPC-centric double precision workloads. It boasts impressive cache bandwidth and latency, outperforming Nvidia’s H100 in several benchmarks.
  • Power Consumption: 750W.

Nvidia Blackwell

  • Architecture: Successor to the H100, designed to leapfrog AMD in performance.
  • Compute Units: Details on compute units are less specific, but it integrates compute and IO into each chip.
  • Memory: 192 GB of high bandwidth memory, with a memory bandwidth of 2.8 TB/s.
  • Performance: Excels in sparse performance, delivering 45 teraFLOPS of FP64 tensor core performance. It is optimized for AI inferencing and lower precision tasks.
  • Power Consumption: 700W.

Key Differences

  • Memory Bandwidth: MI300X has a higher memory bandwidth (5.3 TB/s) compared to Blackwell (2.8 TB/s), which can be crucial for AI performance.
  • Compute Performance: MI300X shows a significant advantage in double precision performance, while Blackwell excels in sparse performance and lower precision tasks.
  • Power Efficiency: Blackwell is slightly more power-efficient with a 700W consumption compared to MI300X’s 750W.
  • Both processors are designed to handle demanding AI workloads, but their strengths lie in different areas. The choice between them would depend on the specific requirements of the tasks at hand.
References