9. South Korea's Journey to Democracy

South Korea’s post-war democratic development has passed through five distinct stages:

Illiberal democracy (1945–60): This period was characterized by democratic innovation and experimentation. It began with liberation from Japanese colonialism in 1945 and was marked by the student- and academic-led ‘April Revolution’ of 1960, which ended Rhee Syngman’s presidency.

Democratic authoritarianism (1961–72): Following the 16 May 1961 military coup engineered by Park Chung-hee, South Korea experienced a decade of democratic authoritarianism. During this time, explicit restrictions on political liberty were imposed, and accelerated economic growth occurred.

Authoritarian exceptionalism (1972–87): The promulgation of the Yushin Constitution in 1972 intensified political restrictions. This period saw the assassination of Park in 1979 and his eventual succession by General Chun Doo-hwan. It culminated in the transition to civilian-led democratic governance in 1987.

Democratic paternalism (1987–2001): During the presidencies of Roh Tae-woo, Kim Young-sam, and Kim Dae-jung, democratic norms and practices gradually entrenched themselves.

Participatory democracy (2002 to date): In recent years, South Korea has seen increased participatory democracy. Social media, modern technology, and regular public demonstrations have partially diluted the power of traditional political elites.

Overall, South Korea’s journey from an impoverished country to an economic powerhouse and a liberal democratic regime is a remarkable success story. 

Further, according to the AI's information, student movements played a crucial role in South Korea’s democratic development. Here are some key points:

April Revolution (1960): Students led protests against President Rhee Syngman’s authoritarian regime, demanding free elections. The movement culminated in Rhee’s resignation.

June Democracy Movement (1987): Students and citizens rallied for democratic reforms, pressuring President Chun Doo-hwan to allow direct presidential elections. This led to the end of military rule.

Civic Activism: Students continued advocating for human rights, labor rights, and social justice. Their activism contributed to democratic consolidation.

Digital Activism: In recent years, student-led online movements have amplified voices and pushed for transparency and accountability.

In summary, students acted as catalysts for change, pushing South Korea toward democracy. 

Please note that the article(s) above are generated by AI, as a response to my questions. For details and accuracy, please explore relevant topics over representative websites.